Findings regarding endothelial function are particularly controversial since studies variously indicated the presence of endothelial dysfunction in migraineurs, the absence of any difference in endothelial function between migraineurs and non-migraineurs, and even an enhanced endothelial function in migraineurs. Several lines of evidence for vascular dysfunction were reported in migraineurs. We systematically searched in BIOSIS, the Cochrane database, Embase, Google scholar, ISI Web of Science, and Medline to identify articles, published up to April 2013, evaluating the endothelial and arterial function of migraineurs. We aimed to review and summarize the published evidence about the peripheral vascular dysfunction of migraineurs. However, the available evidence is inconsistent. Alterations in endothelial and arterial function, which predispose to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, have been suggested as an important link between migraine and vascular disease. Numerous studies have indicated an increased risk of vascular disease among migraineurs. Peripheral vascular dysfunction in migraine: a review An exercise prescription should be tailored to each person's unique set of circumstances and reflect an effort to maximize the anticipated benefits while minimizing the risks. Therefore, a preparticipation medical evaluation is required. In addition, a majority of these patients have multiple comorbid disorders such as renal, neurologic, and retinal disease that may affect their ability to exercise safely. Patients with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, or diabetes mellitus must be considered individually when prescribing exercise because their clinical status can vary greatly. Regular aerobic and resistance training increases exercise capacity and plays a role both in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Physical inactivity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. PMID:26590787Įxercise considerations in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and diabetes mellitus. This review discusses emerging radionuclide-based imaging approaches that have potential clinical applications in the evaluation of PVD progression and treatment. Molecular imaging with radionuclide-based approaches, such as PET and SPECT, can offer novel insight into PVD by providing non-invasive assessment of biological processes such as angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Current diagnostic imaging techniques commonly focus on evaluation of anatomy or blood flow at the macrovascular level and do not permit assessment of the underlying pathophysiology associated with disease progression or treatment response. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a progressive atherosclerotic disease that leads to stenosis or occlusion of blood vessels supplying the lower extremities. Novel Applications of Radionuclide Imaging in Peripheral Vascular Disease
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